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Chapter 20
DEATH AND RESURRECTION


Caiaphas and the Trial of Jesus

A Mock Trial: PHOTO: PATH TO CAIAPHAS HOUSE   Late that night Jesus was betrayed, arrested, and taken to Caiaphas the High Priest, by his soldiers.   The incarceration and interrogation were not part of an official trial.  Both were illegal under the circumstances.  That evening was the beginning of the Preparation Day, a holiday by itself; it was nighttime and there was no formal charge against Jesus.  These and other items precluded any trial to be carried out legally. 
 
And while he yet spake, lo, Judas, one of the twelve, came, and with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from the chief priests and elders of the people. 

Now he that betrayed him gave them a sign, saying, Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he: hold him fast.

And forthwith he came to Jesus, and said, Hail, master; and kissed him.

And Jesus said unto him, Friend, wherefore art thou come? Then came they, and laid hands on Jesus, and took him....

In that same hour said Jesus to the multitudes, Are ye come out as against a thief with swords and staves for to take me? I sat daily with you teaching in the temple, and ye laid no hold on me.

But all this was done, that the scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled. Then all the disciples forsook him, and fled. 

And they that had laid hold on Jesus led him away to Caiaphas the high priest, where the scribes and the elders were assembled. 

But Peter followed him afar off unto the high priest’s palace, and went in, and sat with the servants, to see the end.    MATTHEW 26:47-58

Caiaphas, the High Priest: Caiaphas was the High Priest over three councils that made up the grand Sanhedrin assembly.  However, Caiaphas apparently was only meeting with one of the councils and not the entire Sanhedrin (seventy men). The Sanhedrin would have to judge in such a case (if it were a legal trial).

The House of Caiaphas: PHOTO: CAIAPHAS HOUSE  Caiaphas’s house is now a church built over dungeon rooms, two thousand years old, where prisoners were held.  Holes in the rock walls were used to tie and spread out their hands and feet for scourging.  This basement prison reminds us that Caiaphas and some powerful elders conspired to trap Jesus by his own words. 
 

But Jesus held his peace...  MATTHEW 26:63

Blasphemy:   The priestly wordsmiths, who would not even say “God” or utter his name, had the practice of substituting words representing God’s name. They would use phrases such as, “He that comes in the clouds of Heaven.”  They would refer to a Messiah as “He that sits on the right hand of Power,” or “Blessed is His name.”  In anger, the High Priest challenged him, in the name of God, 
 

...tell us whether thou be the Christ, the Son of God.      MATTHEW 26:63
Jesus simply replied,
 
...Thou hast said: nevertheless I say unto you, hereafter shall ye see [this] Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven.     MATTHEW 26:64
The High Priest, perhaps stung by the realization that he himself had invoked God’s name, cried out,
 
...He hath spoken blasphemy... 

What think ye?  They answered and said, He is guilty of death.     MATTHEW 26:65-66
 

Peter Denies the Savior:  The cock had just crowed.  In fulfillment of Jesus’ prophecy, Peter had just denied the Savior the third time.   Then, one can imagine, turning and looking into Jesus’ face, Peter turned again and ran out into the break of dawn, weeping bitterly. 
 
Then began he to curse and to swear, saying, I know not the man.  And immediately the cock crew. 

And Peter remembered the word of Jesus, which said unto him, Before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice.  And he went out, and wept bitterly.     MATTHEW 26:74-75

Execution for Temple Violations:  Under the Roman political system, the Jewish priests were not to carry out executions except for temple violations.  (Their executions would have been by stoning, throwing the victim over a high cliff and then covering him with stones they would throw down.)  The priests bound him and led him away to Pontius Pilate, the governor.

Pontius Pilate

The Judgment Hall:   Today, the site is maintained by a Catholic Order, The Sisters of Zion.  The archaeological ruins recently discovered may have been well preserved by the traditions dating from Byzantine times.  Floor stones and cisterns reveal ancient Roman markings and usage as a fortress.
PHOTO: ANTONIA FORTRESS

A Wife’s Dream:  At the Antonia Fortress, Pontius Pilate at first did not want to be troubled with the case.  He may have been bothered by his wife’s dream to have nothing to do with Jesus.  However, he soon realized a potential political gain.  He had Jesus brought forth, beaten, intimidated, and crowned with thorns.  He repeatedly taunted the priests with Jesus’ release.  He said, 
 

...I find in him no fault at all.     JOHN 18:38

Crucify Him:  Maddened by Pilate’s reluctance to favor them with an execution, they cried out, 
 

...Away with him, crucify him...     JOHN 19:15


Political Gain:  Pilate, probably goading them on and hoping to accomplish something for himself, said, 
 

...Shall I crucify your King?  The chief priests answered, We have no king but Caesar.      JOHN 19:15


Ah, the political gain was achieved (the priests, after all, did publicly acclaim Caesar to be their king). 
 

Then delivered he him . . . to be crucified...     JOHN 19:16 


This may have been the achievement that endeared Pilate to Herod—after all, he got the Jewish priests to acclaim Caesar.
 

And the same day Pilate and Herod were made friends together: for before they were at enmity between themselves.     LUKE 23:12

The Crucifixion

 The Place of a Skull:  Jesus, bearing his cross (probably just the cross beam, as the upright post was most likely already at the crucifixion place), PHOTO: GOLGOTHA
 

...went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha:   JOHN 19:17

Simon from Cyrene:  On the way, a man named Simon from Cyrene was made to carry the cross beam to the place of execution.  (One can imagine that Jesus may have stumbled, although it is not mentioned.)  The name Simon is Jewish; the place, Cyrene, is in Africa.  The man could have been one of the hundreds of thousands of Jews of various ethnicities gathering in Jerusalem for Passover.  He carried the wood for the sacrifice of the Paschal Lamb of God.

Outside the City Wall:  A site outside the city wall looks like the described place.  It was the Roman practice to crucify along the roadways.  In this ancient, abandoned quarry,  known by Jews as a place of execution, a roadway still passes through. PHOTO: JERUSALEM WALL

Daylight had progressed about six hours.  It was close to noon, but, 
 

...there was darkness over the whole land until the ninth hour.   MARK 15:33

A Slow Death:  Crucifixion was a slow strangling death.  Breathing required very painful movements, and speaking was extremely difficult. Yet, during his agonizing physical, mental, and spiritual anguish, he spoke several times.  Mostly it was in concern of others. 

Jesus Speaks from the Cross:  The Bible records seven things that Jesus said while on the cross.

To those who nailed him:
 

Then said Jesus, Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.  And they parted his raiment, and cast lots.     LUKE 23:34 

To those crucified with him: 
 

And one of the malefactors which were hanged railed on him, saying, If thou be Christ, save thyself and us.

But the other answering rebuked him, saying, Dost thou not fear God, seeing thou art in the same condemnation?

And we indeed justly; for we receive the due reward of our deeds: but this man hath done nothing amiss. 

And he said unto Jesus, Lord, remember me when thou comest into thy kingdom. 
And Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt thou be with me in paradise [world of spirits].   LUKE 23:39-43 

To His Mother: 
 

When Jesus therefore saw his mother, and the disciple standing by, whom he loved, he saith unto his mother, Woman, behold thy son!     JOHN 19:26 

To John the Beloved: 
 

Then saith he to the disciple, Behold thy mother!  And from that hour that disciple took her unto his own home.     JOHN 19:27 

To the Guards: 
 

After this, Jesus knowing that all things were now accomplished, that the scripture might be fulfilled, saith, I thirst.     JOHN 19:28 

To His Father: 
 

And about the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani?  that is to say, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?    MATTHEW 27:46

And when Jesus had cried with a loud voice, he said, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit: and having said thus, he gave up the ghost.     LUKE 23:46

To the World:
 

When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost.     JOHN 19:30

His Legs Not Broken:  The Jewish priests did not want the crucified bodies hanging on the cross on the Sabbath days (for that evening was the beginning of an extra Sabbath day, a High Day).  So, they besought Pilate that the prisoners’ legs might be broken.  This would hasten their deaths in that they could not press against the nails in their feet to gasp for breath.  Once dead, their bodies might be taken away.  However, when the soldiers saw that Jesus was dead already 
 

...they brake not his legs:     JOHN 19:33

This also fulfilled a messianic prophecy which says:
 

He keepeth all his bones: not one of them is broken.       PSALM 34:20

A Tomb in a Garden

PHOTO: GARDEN TOMB
Disciples of Jesus Help with the Burial:  After this, Joseph of Arimathaea, a member of the Sanhedrin, and
 

...a disciple of Jesus... besought Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus: and Pilate gave him leave...   JOHN 19:38

With the help of Nicodemus, 
 

...took they the body of Jesus, and wound it in linen clothes with the spices,...

Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden; and in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein was never man yet laid. 

There laid they Jesus therefore because of the Jews’ preparation day; for the sepulchre was nigh at hand.   JOHN 19:40-42

Two Sabbaths in a Row:  The scurrilous events of that day preceded the Passover which was due to begin any moment.  The Passover (a special Sabbath or High Day) that week probably preceded the regular Saturday Sabbath. 
 

The Jews [Priests] therefore, because it was the preparation, that the bodies should not remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, (for that sabbath day was an high day,)...   JOHN 19:31

A Sign to the Pharisees:  It is probable that there were two Sabbaths in a row that year (the Passover Sabbath and the regular seventh day of the week Sabbath).  In that sense, Jesus was crucified on what we call a Thursday.  (This fits in the time reckoning of Palm Sunday being five days before the Passover.)  Then in fulfillment of prophecy, he really was in the tomb three nights; and on the third day he arose—
PHOTO: GARDEN TOMB -- ANOTHER VIEW

 
...and be raised again the third day.   MATTHEW 16:21 (see also MATTHEW 17:23;  MARK 9:31)

This is also the only “sign” Jesus gave the Pharisees.
 

Then certain of the scribes and of the Pharisees answered, saying, Master, we would see a sign from thee. 

But he answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas:

For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.     MATTHEW 12:38-40

In speaking to the Pharisees, he specifically connected himself with Jonah, who was in a great fish
 

...three days and three nights.   JONAH 1:17

Resurrection

On Sunday:  On the day we now call Sunday, 
 

The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulchre, and seeth the stone taken away from the sepulchre. 

Then she runneth, and cometh to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple...and saith unto them, They have taken away the Lord out of the sepulchre,...     JOHN 20:1-2

Peter and the other disciple

 
...ran both together...

And he stooping down, and looking in, saw the linen clothes lying...

And the napkin, that was about his head, not lying with the linen clothes, but wrapped together in a place by itself.    JOHN 20:4-7 

The Talith for Burial:  For Jews today, the cloth put over the head of the deceased is the talith, the garment or prayer shawl.  There is a suggestion that the “napkin that was about his head” could be the Talith.  The physical description of “wrapped together”  seems to suggest the physical action of folding his clothes before he left the tomb.

The Tomb Was Empty:  Later, Mary stood outside the sepulcher weeping; she also stooped down and looked into the sepulcher.  The fact that several people are mentioned to be stooping means it must have been a small entrance.  PHOTO: INSIDE THE TOMB

Mary Sees Two Angels and Jesus:  As the weeping Mary looked in, she saw two angels; they spoke to her; she spoke to them; 
 

...she turned herself back, and saw Jesus standing, and knew not that it was Jesus

...She, supposing him to be the gardener, saith unto him, Sir, if thou have borne him hence, tell me where thou hast laid him, and I will take him away.     JOHN 20:14-15

Jesus called her by name, and
 

...She turned herself, and saith unto him...Master.      JOHN 20:16

He was alive again! She saw him, and Jesus spoke to her,
 

...go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God. 

Mary Magdalene came and told the disciples that she had seen the Lord, and that he had spoken these things unto her. JOHN 20:17-18

He Lives!:  That evening Jesus appeared to ten Apostles (Thomas was not with them).  They had locked themselves in because of their fear of the Jewish priests.  They were startled.  Jesus reassuringly comforted them.
 

...and saith unto them, [Shalom, Shalom, aleichem].    JOHN 20:19

Wounds in His Hands and Feet:  He obviously spoke in their language; however, in English his expressions are just as comforting, 
 

...Peace be unto you.

...when he had thus spoken, he shewed them his hands and his feet...

And they gave him a piece of a broiled fish, and of an honeycomb.

And he took it and did eat before them.   LUKE 24:36-43

Appearances of Jesus:  Jesus appeared later to the eleven Apostles in Jerusalem and to others on the way to Emmaus.   He appeared to, spoke to, and ate with several of them in Galilee.
 

And, behold, two of them went that same day to a village called Emmaus, which was from Jerusalem about threescore furlongs...

Jesus himself drew near, and went with them... 

But their eyes were holden that they should not know him...

 And beginning at Moses and all the prophets, he expounded unto them in all the scriptures the things concerning himself.

 And it came to pass, as he sat at meat with them, he took bread, and blessed it, and brake, and gave to them. 

And their eyes were opened, and they knew him; and he vanished out of their sight. 

And they said one to another, Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way, and while he opened to us the scriptures?      LUKE 24:13-32

After these things Jesus shewed himself again to the disciples at the sea of Tiberias;... 

There were together Simon Peter, and Thomas called Didymus, and Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, and the sons of Zebedee, and two other of his disciples. 

Simon Peter saith unto them, I go a fishing.  They say unto him, We also go with thee.  They went forth, and entered into a ship immediately; and that night they caught nothing. 

But when the morning was now come, Jesus stood on the shore:... 

Then Jesus saith unto them, Children, have ye any meat?  They answered him, No. 

And he said unto them, Cast the net on the right side of the ship, and ye shall find. They cast therefore, and now they were not able to draw it for the multitude of fishes.

... Now when Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord, he girt his fisher’s coat unto him... and did cast himself into the sea.... 

Jesus saith unto them, Come and dine...

This is now the third time that Jesus shewed himself to his disciples, after that he was risen from the dead.   JOHN 21:1-14


The New Testament has a record of over five hundred people seeing Jesus. 

 
And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight. 

And while they looked stedfastly toward heaven as he went up, behold, two men stood by them in white apparel; 

Which also said, Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven? this same Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven.     ACTS 1:9-11
PHOTO: GARDEN TOMB WITH FLOWERS


 

 
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